JAKARTA, NOVOX.ID - Polusi plastik kini tak hanya menjadi ancaman bagi laut, tanah, dan udara, tetapi juga tubuh manusia. Mikroplastik, partikel plastik berukuran sangat kecil hingga lima milimeter, telah ditemukan masuk ke dalam berbagai bahan makanan yang dikonsumsi setiap hari. Tanpa disadari, partikel ini ikut tertelan dan berpotensi menimbulkan risiko kesehatan dalam jangka panjang.
Plastik sejatinya tidak pernah terurai secara organik. Seiring waktu, material tersebut hanya akan terpecah menjadi fragmen-fragmen mikroskopis yang kemudian mencemari lingkungan. Partikel ini dapat masuk ke rantai makanan, mulai dari air, tanah, hingga bahan pangan yang dikonsumsi manusia.
Sejumlah penelitian internasional menyebutkan bahwa paparan mikroplastik berpotensi meningkatkan risiko gangguan kesehatan serius, mulai dari penyakit kardiovaskular, alergi, gangguan autoimun, kanker, hingga penurunan fungsi kognitif. Meski riset masih terus berkembang, temuan ini menjadi peringatan bahwa ancaman mikroplastik bukan lagi isu masa depan.
Salah satu bahan pangan yang paling sering terkontaminasi mikroplastik adalah garam. Studi yang diterbitkan American Chemical Society menemukan mayoritas merek garam internasional mengandung mikroplastik. Garam laut disebut paling rentan karena berasal langsung dari perairan yang tercemar limbah plastik.
Gula juga tidak luput dari paparan. Proses pengolahan yang panjang, mulai dari ekstraksi hingga pengemasan, membuka peluang kontaminasi mikroplastik dalam jumlah tinggi. Penelitian terbaru bahkan menemukan seluruh sampel gula yang diuji mengandung partikel plastik mikro.
Air minum dalam kemasan botol plastik menjadi sumber paparan lain yang sering diabaikan. Kebiasaan membuka tutup botol berulang, meremas botol, atau meninggalkannya di bawah sinar matahari dapat mempercepat pelepasan mikroplastik ke dalam air yang diminum.
Di Indonesia, beras sebagai makanan pokok juga berisiko terkontaminasi. Lingkungan sawah dan praktik pertanian modern berkontribusi terhadap paparan mikroplastik. Namun, mencuci beras sebelum dimasak dapat membantu mengurangi kandungan partikel plastik tersebut.
Makanan laut menjadi kelompok pangan dengan tingkat kontaminasi tinggi karena mikroplastik di laut diserap plankton dan kemudian masuk ke tubuh ikan serta kerang. Selain itu, minuman seperti teh celup dan kopi juga berpotensi mengandung mikroplastik akibat bahan kantong dan wadah penyajian.
Paparan mikroplastik memang sulit dihindari sepenuhnya. Namun, perubahan gaya hidup seperti mengurangi penggunaan plastik sekali pakai, memilih kemasan alternatif, serta lebih selektif dalam mengolah makanan dapat membantu menekan risiko paparan partikel plastik ke dalam tubuh.
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